VENERA 9 MISSION RECONSTRUCTION

A. ABOUT VENERA 9

Venera 9 (Russian: Венера-9 meaning Venus 9), manufacturer's designation: 4V-1 No. 660, was a Soviet unmanned space mission to Venus. It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was launched on June 8, 1975, at 02:38:00 UTC and had a mass of 4,936 kilograms (10,882 lb). The orbiter was the first spacecraft to orbit Venus, while the lander was the first to return images from the surface of another planet.

Table 1. Overview Venera 9

Picture 1. Venera 9

Picture 2. Separation of Orbiter (Left) and Lander (right) from Venera 9

Venera 9 was launched at Cosmodrome 81/24, Kazakhstan (latitude 45.6232 ° N) on June 8, 1975 at 2:38:00 UTC using the Proton 8K82K launch vehicle and Blok D. Proton 8K82K is a Russian rocket with 3 levels (stage) and payload capacity 19,760 kg and added with Block D as the 4th level. Here are the details of the mass and specific impulses of Venera 9 (Payload) and the launch vehicle.

Table 2. Details of Mass and Specific Impulse of Spacecraft and Rockets

Picture 3. Peta Lokasi Peluncuran Venera 9, Cosmodrome 81/24

Picture 4. Venera 9 launch location, Cosmodrome 81/24

Picture 5. Cosmodrome 81/24

Picture 6. Proton 8K82K, Blok D and Venera 9

Picture 7. Payload and Blok D

Venera 9 has an elliptical parking orbit with the height closest to the earth's surface, 171 km and the farthest height from the earth's surface, 196km and inclusion of 51,54˚. On the way to venus, Venera 9 performs a series of maneuvers to improve the trajectory (course correction). On June 16, 1975, Venera 9 conducted the first course correction with a speed change of 12.5m / s. After 4 months of travel, Venera 9 finally approaches Venus. On October 15, 1975, Venera 9 conducted the second course correction with a speed change of 13.5m / s. On October 20, 1975, there was a separation between the orbiter and the lander of Venera 9. On October 22, 1975, the Venera 9 orbit began to orbit Venus in an elliptical orbit with a height closest to the surface of Venus of 1,510km and the farthest height from the surface of Venus with 112,200km and 34 , 10˚. The orbital period is 48 hours 18 minutes. Whereas the Venera 9 lander landed on the surface of Venus at 5:13 UT at 31.01 ° N 291.64 ° East about 2,500 meters above the "sea level" defined, in the northeast of the plateau region known as the Region Beta.

B. TRAJECTORY RECONSTRUCTION

A. PARKING ORBIT (EARTH) AND HYPERBOLIC ESCAPE TRAJECTORY (FROM EARTH TO HELIOSENTRIC)

B. HELIOSENTRIC TRAJECTORY (FROM EARTH TO VENUS)

C. HYPERBOLIC ARRIVAL TRAJECTORY (FROM HELIOSENTRIC TO VENUS)

C. ANALYSIS AND COMPARING DATA

The following are the results of the comparison between the calculation data and the actual reference data.

Table 3. Data from calculations and references

From the table above it can be concluded that the reconstruction of the mission that we made is less efficient than the actual mission carried out on Venera 9. This is due to some of the assumptions and trajectories that we made. An example of the assumption that we set is that cross planets are in fact less efficient and consume more fuel than cross planets that change the angle of inclination. In addition, we also did not review course correction. With course correction, there is a change in speed that requires more propellant and shorter transfer time than if no course correction is done. When viewed from heliocentricity, we assume the location of the spacecraft (earth) in the aphelium and location of the spacecraft arrival (venus) in the perihelium.

From the table above, it can also be seen that the propellant mass used to exit the parking orbit to the heliocentric orbit is far less than the existing reference. This happened because we did not take into account course correction. In fact the rocket will use more propellant to change the transfer speed in a short time, which in this case is assumed to be negligible.

D. LAUNCH VIDEO

E. REFERENCE

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